Under what circumstances can schools share educational records without parental permission?

The correct choice highlights the specific circumstances under which schools are permitted to share educational records without obtaining parental permission. Sharing records can occur during emergencies, where immediate action is necessary to protect the health and safety of a student or others. Furthermore, schools can disclose records in compliance with a court order, where legal mandates take precedence over parental consent.

This reflects a balance between maintaining students' privacy and ensuring safety in critical situations, as well as adhering to legal requirements. Such provisions are grounded in various laws, including the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), which outlines when educational institutions may release student information without prior consent.

The other options presented do not align with established regulations regarding the confidentiality of student records. For instance, sharing information with any community member or for marketing purposes does not meet the criteria for legally permissible disclosures, and requests from a student's peer typically do not warrant the release of educational records without consent.